Microbiology Ch 13 Quiz - QuizletHub (2023)

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Virulence factors include all of the following except ______.a. capsulesb. ribosome Correctc. exoenzymesd. endotoxine. exotoxin

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b. ribosome

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Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called ______.Select one:a. opportunistic pathogensb. normal biotac. indigenous biotad. true pathogense. micropathogens

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d. true pathogens

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Bacterial toxins are chemical products made by bacteria. A person ingests some honey containing Clostridium botulinum. The C. botulinum is actively growing and releases toxin in the honey. The person becomes ill from ingesting the toxin. This is an example of a/an ______.Select one:a. intoxicationb. toxemiac. hemolysind. pandemice. infection

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a. intoxication

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The difference between the terms pathogenicity and virulence is thatSelect one:a. pathogenic organisms cause disease, virulent organisms do not.b. virulent organisms cause disease, pathogens do not.c. pathogens cause disease and their virulence describe the degree of pathogenicity.d. virulent organisms cause disease and their pathogenicity describes the degree of disease manifestations.

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c. pathogens cause disease and their virulence describe the degree of pathogenicity.

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An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a ______.Select one:a. fomiteb. carrierc. vectord. reservoire. source

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a. fomite

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The term infection refers toSelect one:a. microorganisms colonizing the body.b. contact with microorganisms.c. contact with pathogens.d. pathogens penetrating host defenses.

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d. pathogens penetrating host defenses.

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Some diseases can cause long-term or permanent damage in the patient termed ______.Select one:a. edemab. sequelaec. granulomasd. abcessese. swollen lymph nodes

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b. sequelae

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Which is not true about the Human Microbiome Project?Select one:a. The HMP can only identify bacteria, not viruses. b. The importance of the project is in analyzing the normal biota and correlating with human health and disease.c. The HMP is looking for pathogens as well as nonpathogens in and on the human body.d. Molecular biological lab techniques will be used for identification rather than standard biochemical lab techniques.

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a. The HMP can only identify bacteria, not viruses.

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Which of the following is not true of the preliminary findings by the HMP thus far?Select one:a. the number of bacterial genes outnumber human genes by millions in the holobiontb. there are many more sterile sites in the human than were previously assumedc. microbial antagonism prevents potential pathogens in the resident biota from causing diseased. viruses have played an important role in guiding the evolution of both humans and their resident flora

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b. there are many more sterile sites in the human than were previously assumed

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The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a/an ______.Select one:a. syndromeb. symptomc. signd. pathologye. inflammation

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c. sign

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Which of the following is not a structure used for bacterial adhesion?Select one:a. Fimbriaeb. Surface proteinsc. Specialized receptorsd. Adhesive slime or capsulese. Cilia

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e. Cilia

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Which of the following does not illustrate the use of universal precaution methods in the handling of patients and body substances?Select one:a. Mask and glovesb. Proper disposal of needlesc. Healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patientsd. Hand washinge. Sterilizing or disinfection of dental hand pieces

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c. Healthcare worker with active, open lesions handling patients

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An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called ______.Select one:a. exogenousb. an exotoxinc. an enterotoxind. endogenouse. axenic

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d. endogenous

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The prevalence rate of tuberculosis in one particular county in Texas is 7/1000 people, while the incidence rate for 2011 is 2/1000 people. Analyze this data and summarize the situation.Select one:a. The data were collected incorrectly because the two values should match. Incorrectb. Incidence rate should really be higher than prevalence rate because it includes all new cases for the year.c. Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate because the number of people still alive with tuberculosis is higher because of better treatments.d. Prevalence rate and incidence rate cannot be determined for the same disease.

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c. Prevalence rate is higher than incidence rate because the number of people still alive with tuberculosis is higher because of better treatments.

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Which of the following is not true regarding healthcare-associated infections?Select one:a. These infections are only transmitted by medical personnel.b. These infections often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions.c. The patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent.d. Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.e. Medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

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a. These infections are only transmitted by medical personnel.

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The suffix -emia means ______.Select one:a. bloodb. a disease or morbid processc. an inflammationd. tumore. pertaining to

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a. blood

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Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit of an infectious disease?Select one:a. Removal of bloodb. Urogenital tract and fecesc. Coughing and sneezingd. Skine. All of these are normal exit portals.

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e. All of these are normal exit portals.

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Carriers that shed and transmit pathogens while they are recovering from an infectious disease are called ______ carriers.Select one:a. asymptomaticb. passivec. incubationd. chronice. convalescent

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e. convalescent

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Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called ______.Select one:a. syndromesb. malaisec. inflammationd. asymptomatice. secondary infections

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d. asymptomatic

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Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a _______.Select one:a. fomiteb. carrierc. vectord. reservoire. source

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b. carrier

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What is one goal of the Human Microbiome Project?Select one:a. To sequence the DNA of all microorganismsb. To study the prevalence of diseasec. To study microorganisms in an artificial habitatd. To provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and diseasee. To elucidate genetically linked diseases

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d. To provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease

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Since the 1970s, approximately 40 new infectious disease agents have been discovered, including SARS, chikungunya and zika. The ability of these agents to spread rapidly and because global concern is due to all of the following exceptSelect one:a. individuals are traveling more frequently and farther distances than in the previous half-century.b. communities are becoming more sparsely populated.c. communities are spreading into rural areas/wildlife habitats.d. communities are becoming more densely populated.

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b. communities are becoming more sparsely populated.

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Physicians are required to report new cases of gonorrhea to the CDC, whereas new cases of genital herpes are not notifiable. Evaluate the statements below and choose which statement best represents why some diseases are reportable and others are not.Select one:a. Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics and therefore may develop resistance; genital herpes is not treatable with antibiotics.b. Genital herpes is less deadly than gonorrhea.c. Gonorrhea is more contagious than genital herpes.d. Gonorrhea affects certain populations and geographic areas, whereas genital herpes does not.

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a. Gonorrhea is treatable with antibiotics and therefore may develop resistance; genital herpes is not treatable with antibiotics.

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Which genus is resident biota of the mouth, large intestine, and within the vagina from puberty to menopause?Select one:a. Lactobacillusb. Treponemac. Haemophilusd. Escherichiae. Clostridium

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a. Lactobacillus

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention mandates that some diseases must be reported, while it is not necessary for others. This is so thatSelect one:a. statistics may be gathered for certain diseases.b. the incidence and prevalence for diseases of public health importance can be tracked.c. disease trends and areas of outbreak can be monitored for certain diseases.d. high-risk epidemics can be identified and dealt with as quickly as possible.e. All of the above answers validate why it is important to report certain diseases to the CDC.

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e. All of the above answers validate why it is important to report certain diseases to the CDC.

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Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are ______.Select one:a. in foodb. the patient's own normal biotac. on fomitesd. in the aire. transmitted from one person to another

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b. the patient's own normal biota

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Which of the following is not correct terminology used for resident biota?Select one:a. Pathogenic biotab. Normal biotac. Indigenous biotad. Normal microbiotae. Commensals

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a. Pathogenic biota

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Keratinase has the greatest effect on the ______.Select one:a. respiratory systemb. gastrointestinal systemc. urinary systemd. genital systeme. skin

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e. skin

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The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply, until symptoms first appear is theSelect one:a. prodromal stageb. convalescent stagec. incubation periodd. period of invasion

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c. incubation period

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A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face, eyes, nose, and mouth. This specimen was from an HIV positive patient. If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection in the technologist, the transmission route is ______.Select one:a. directb. fomitec. vehicled. droplet nucleie. aerosol

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a. direct

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TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common ______.Select one:a. genera of resident biotab. sexually transmitted infectionsc. portals of entryd. vectorse. infections of the fetus and neonate

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e. infections of the fetus and neonate

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All of the following are examples of epigenetic changes exceptSelect one:a. histones are altered, which affects replication and transcription.b. microbial mucinase digests the protective lining of mucous membranes. c. host cell genome is altered, interrupting transcription.d. microbe binds to small RNAs disrupting gene regulation.

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b. microbial mucinase digests the protective lining of mucous membranes.

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Each of the following is inoculation of normal biota to a newborn exceptSelect one:a. the birth process through the birth canal.b. bottle feeding.c. breast feeding.d. contact with hospital staff.e. All of the choices are correct.

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e. All of the choices are correct.

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Diseases can re-emerge for a variety of reasons. Evaluate the following statements and choose the one that does not provide evidence for a re-emergence.Select one:a. Pathogens evolve over time.b. Climate change influences arthropods to expand their geographical areas.c. Humans have avoided animal habitats.d. Agents of bioterrorism have been introduced into a population.

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c. Humans have avoided animal habitats.

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Exotoxins are ______.Select one:a. proteins secreted by living bacterial cellsb. only released after a cell is damaged or lysedc. antiphagocytic factorsd. secretions that always target nervous tissuee. lipopolysaccharides

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a. proteins secreted by living bacterial cells

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An example of an epigenetic change isSelect one:a. a microbe secreting hyaluronidase to break down host hyaluronic acid.b. Clostridium tetani secreting the exotoxin tetanospasmin.c. a gram-negative organism releasing lipopolysaccharide from its cell wall upon lysis.d. a microbe that can induce changes in host DNA, resulting in suppression of defenses or weakening of individual cells.

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d. a microbe that can induce changes in host DNA, resulting in suppression of defenses or weakening of individual cells.

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The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogen are ______.Select one:a. fomitesb. aerosolsc. mechanical vectorsd. droplet nucleie. biological vectors

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d. droplet nuclei

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When would Koch's postulates be utilized?Select one:a. to determine the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology labb. to develop a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical labc. to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research labd. to formulate a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering labe. whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem

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c. to determine the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab

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Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?Select one:a. Verticalb. Directc. Vectord. Dropletse. Fomites

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a. Vertical

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Lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls is called ______.Select one:a. exotoxinb. endotoxinc. enterotoxind. leukocidine. hemolysin

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b. endotoxin

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Exotoxins ______.Select one:a. are secreted by pathogenic organismsb. are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organismsc. are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organismsd. cause more damage than endotoxinse. are host specific

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a. are secreted by pathogenic organisms

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Reservoirs include ______.Select one:a. humansb. animalsc. soild. watere. All of the choices are correct.

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e. All of the choices are correct.

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Which genus is the most common resident biota of mouth surfaces?Select one:a. Lactobacillusb. Streptococcusc. Haemophilusd. Escherichiae. Mycobacterium

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b. Streptococcus

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A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is referred to as ______.Select one:a. epidemicb. endemicc. pandemicd. sporadice. chronic

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b. endemic

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The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the ______.Select one:a. respiratory systemb. gastrointestinal systemc. urinary systemd. genital systeme. skin

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a. respiratory system